Tulisan Bahasa Inggris 2

In just 20 minutes after a person smoked his last cigarette, their bodies start to experience a beneficial change in stage:

20 Minutes
Blood pressure drops to normal.
Pulse rate drops to normal.
Temperature of hands and feet increase to normal

8 Hours
Carbon monoxide level in blood drops to normal.
The level of oxygen in the blood rises to normal.

24 Hours
The possibility of heart attack decreases

48 Hours
The ends of the nerves begin to grow again.
Ability to kiss and feel increases.
Walking is easy to grow.

3 Months 2 Weeks
Improves blood circulation.
Lung function up to 30%

19 Months
Coughing, sinus blockage, fatigue, shortness of breath decrease.
Cilia grow back in lungs, increasing ability to handle mucus, clean lungs, reduce infection.

1 Year
Risk of coronary heart disease got half of the smokers.

Tulisan Bahasa Inggris 2

7 Tips for Maintaining Consumer

There are 2 things that can not be separated in operations, that is sellers and buyers to each other interact. Whatever type of business that we run both in services and trade can not be separated from the two earlier elements.
There is a saying that the consumer is king. Proverb that I think is still relevant to the present, or even universal. The seller will not be able to sell if there were no consumers, consumer vice versa will not be able to meet all keperluannya if there are no sellers.
I think the effort to maintain consumer is far more difficult than getting new customers. Every business activity everyone will be competing to retain customers in ways to make the consumer does not move to another customer. Treat the consumer as king over many perceived by companies engaged in services. Let us look at how a bank, between banks and the one with the other banks competing to provide services to its customers with the best. Start with the entrance opened, saying good morning pa .. bu, a friendly face smiling officer until things offer other assistance. Then we saw also how the company car dealership providing service, starting with the entrance be opened with a friendly face of customer service, given various explanations about a product that he sold, giving congratulations to diantarkannya back to the exit while the consumer home. Such tricks of how they attempt to win the hearts of its customers to become partners. If you want to survive, that is indeed demands.
I have the experience which might be of benefit to you how to retain customers. Look, I have a small business run from home since early 2001 in the field of computer rental and services that then I developed typing by adding new types of Internet cafe business, computer courses and computer services. I am a small business scale is still alive until now because I apply the concept of a trivial, "Giving Consumers Make the Best Service."
For those of you who have the same business as me or any business that you run the middle, there is a simple way how to retain customers in order to always give money to us. Here are tips for you:

1. Greet customers well. The point is, when consumers
come to our place, welcome with a smile, as far as possible
Selamet say morning or afternoon .. bu pa. The first point we have
get an impression of "friendly".

2. Ask what needs. We must pro-actively ask first
advance what the consumer needs by saying "there's nothing to me
help you? ".

3. Provide the best quality. Every product that we give must be the best.
Never we give to consumers from random. This
will create a bad impression for the customers of our products
selling.

4. Give a reasonable price. In the highly competitive price an
product or service is critical. To buy something
consumers usually choosy where a cheaper place. Give
them with a reasonable price but still accompanied by good quality,
basanya consumers will return again to our place.

5. Stay on Appointments. Strive every promise we give to consumers
to always keep. Never give a promise to our
consumers if we can not fulfill. Do not Avoid
until consumers back and forth to the place where we not only because it promises
we can Stay, time and money already because they waste our promises
inappropriate. Consumers will be disappointed and move to another place. Edge-
the loss of our own end, the consumer loses.

6. Create family. At the moment we are providing services,
do not tend to focus on the final sale only. I mean
during the process of service delivery took place, we should not be
monotonous. Involve them in a chat that light-light,
for example asking the residence or can also inquire about
their families. This is intended to create relationships.

7. Create a psychological bond. This can be done if we are able to
creating a familial bond with the consumer. To create
I do spiritual bond by giving speech on
monen certain moments, such as birthday, congratulations
holidays and so forth. Quite a way to send sms. These tips enough
powerful because consumers feel cared for. Well if the inner bond
has been formed is difficult for consumers to move to another place.

Seven tips that I did for the sake of keeping customers. This concept because I have always maintained the principle that the customer is the lifeblood of my business. Very simple but the result was good enough for a small business can survive until now despite the economic crisis struck. Well how about you?; Probably have a better experience than from me, let's share experiences.

EXCERCISE 3&4 Page 189

*EXCERCISE (Skills 11-13) Page 189
C 1. The receptionist in the entryway to the offices is able to answer you questions.
I 2. All of the information in the documents are important.
C 3. Anyone in one of the classes has to take the final exam.
I 4. The coordinator of community services are arranging the program.
C 5. Most of the car are covered with mud.
C 6. Nothing more is going to be completed today.
I 7. The drinks in the pitchers on the table in the ballroom is for everyone.
I 8. Everybody were told to be here at 8.00, but somebody is not here.
C 9. Some of the meetings at the conference are limited to ten participants.
I 10. The sauce on the vegetables in the yellow bowl taste really delicious.


*TOEFL EXCERCISE (Skills 11-13) Page 189
A 1. No body know A when the process B of glass making was c invented D.
B 2. Sugars like A glucose is B made C up of D carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.
A 3. Part of the electricity used A in the United States today B come C from hydroelectric sources D.
A 4. The languages of the world presents A a vast array B of structural similarities C and differences D.
A 5. The rise of multinasionals have A¬ resulted B in a great deal of legal ambiguity because multinasionals can C operate D in so many jurisdictions.
C 6. All of the east-west interstate highways in the United States has A even numbers B , while north-south interstate highways ¬are C odd-numbered D.
C 7. When A a massive star in the large Magellanic Cloud exploded B in 1987, a wave of neutrinos were C detected D on Earth.
C 8. Some of the agricultural practices A used B today is C responsible for fostering D desertification.
C 9. Every open space in the targeted A area that has B grass and a few bushes are C occupied D by the white-crowned sparrow.
C 10. Krakatoa is remembered A as the volcano that put B so much ash into the air that sunsets around the world was affected C for two years afterward D.



*TOEFL REVIEW EXCERCISE (Skills 1-13)
1. D Pictograms constitute the earliest system of writing.
2. At temperatures A. approach absolute zero, substances posses minimal energy.
3. The Earth’s one-year evolution around the Sun changes how B. the fall of sunlight on one hemisphere or the other.
4. Though sporadic interest in regional dialects A. has existed for centuries, the first large-scale systematic studies did not take place until the nineteenth century.

Tulisan Bahasa Inggris 2 (TOEFL)

About TOEFL

Definition :
TOEFL stands for Test Of Home as a Foreign Language. TOEFL is a standardized English language ability of a person in writing (de jure), which covers four aspects of mastery: Listening, Writing, and Reading.
TOEFL scoring system using the conversion of each correct answer. The highest TOEFL score one can achieve is 675.

TOEFL Test Objectives
TOEFL has two general objectives are: Academic and General. In the same form, TOEFL certification recommendation could use for both.
Academic tests are used for educational purposes, research or related academic activities abroad, or in Indonesia. For post-graduate, usually a minimum value is 550. while for S1 is 500
General is generally used for the purpose of employment, promotion or job assignment. Many companies that install the English language standard employees by looking at TOEFL score - his. Generally, a minimum TOEFL score is 500 for a standard promoted.
As far as I encountered, the range of TOEFL scores - average Indonesian people with minimal education level S1 is very volatile.There are even some who do not know what and for what it is TOEFL (they read: "tufl"). Not so with the decision-English majors in college. At least they know what is a TOEFL. However, TOEFL score of a student or graduate English majors does not guarantee high. In some cases recruiment times, I found some applicants get the TOEFL score of 300, whereas in the proposal, the person concerned is an alumni of the ABA (Foreign Language Academy).
While in general, fluctuations in the average TOEFL score - rating ranges from 300 to 600.
Did someone guarantee the TOEFL English language skills a person?
Generally, people understand that language is English speaking, conversation, cas cis cus and so on. English cover four main skills: Listening (digestion word through hearing), Writing (digestion words through writing and grammar), reading (digestive meaning of a text language) and speaking (able to pronounce it).

Tugas Excercise Bahasa Inggris

EXERCISE 1 page 157 :

I 1. My best friend always helpful with problems.

C 2. The bus schedule has changed since last week.

I 3. Accidentally dropped the glass on the floor.

C 4. The customer paying the clerk for the clothes.

C 5. The professor handed the syllabus to the students.

I 6. Each day practiced the piano for hours.

C 7. The basketball player tossed the ball into the hoop.

I 8. The new student in the class very talkative and friendly.

I 9. Walking with the children to school.

C 10. The whales headed south for the winter.

EXERCISE 2 page 158 :

C 1. The name of the baby in the crib is Jack.

I 2. By the next meeting of the class need to turn in the papers.

C 3. The directions to the on page twenty unclear.

C 4. Because of the heavy rain throughout the night the walkways are muddy.

I 5. During the week eat lunch in the school cafeteria .

I 6. In the morning after the concert was tired.

C 7. In the summer the trip to the mountains is our favorite trip.

I 8. In a box on the top shelf of the cabinet in the hallway of the house.

C 9. With her purse in her hand ran through the door .

C 10. At 1:00 in the morning the alarm clock on the table beside the bed rang.

EXERCISE (Skills 1-2) page 158

C 1. During the meeting in the office discussed the schedule.

C 2. The doctor gave the patient a prescription.

I 3. The tall evergreen trees along the road.

C 4. The watch in the jewelry box needs a new battery.

I 5. Pleasantly greets everyone in all the offices every morning.

I 6. In the office of the building across the street from the park on the corner.

C 7. The dishes in the sink really need to be washed as soon as possible.

I 8. In a moment of worry about the problem with the cash in the account.

C 9. The plane from New York circling the airport.

C 10. On a regular basis the plants in the boxes under the window in the kitchen are watered and fed.

TOEFL EXERCISE (Skills 1-2) page 159

1. Mark Twain called the years after the Civil War the "Gilded Age".

2. Early horses had toes instead of hooves on their feet.

3. Tundra plants grow close to the ground in the short Arctic summer.

4. In 1867, the United States purchase of Alaska from the Russians for $ 7.2 million.

5. Between 1725 and 1750, New England witnessed an increase in the specialization of occupations.

6. The large carotid artery carrying blood to the main parts of the brain.

7. Marconi developed radio as the first practical system of wireless telegraphy.

8. In 1975, the first successful space probe to Venus was beginning to send information back to Earth.

9. The two biggest resort in Arkansas are Hot Spring and Eureka Springs.

10. NASA's Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center was the control center for the Mercury,

Gemini, and Apollo space flights.

EXERCISE 3 page 161

C 1. The crying baby needs to be picked up.

ADJ.

I 2. The clothes are lying on the floor should go into the washing machine.

VERB

C 3. The waitress bringing the steaming soup to the waiting diners.

ADJ. ADJ.

I 4. Most of the striking workers are walking the picket line.

ADJ. VERB

I 5. For her brithday, the child is getting a talking doll.

VERB ADJ.

C 6. The setting sun creating a rainbow of colors in the sky.

ADJ.

I 7. The ship is sailing to Mexico is leaving tonight.

VERB VERB

C 8. The letters needing immediate answers are on the desk.

ADJ.

C 9. The boring class just ending a few minutes ago.

ADJ. VERB

C 10. The fast moving clouds are bringing freezing rain to the area.

ADJ. VERB

EXERCISE 4 page 162

I 1. The food is served in this restaurant is delicious.

VERB

C 2. The plane landed on the deserted runway.

ADJ.

C 3. The unexpected guests arrived just at dinnertime.

ADJ.

I 4. The courses are listed in the catalogue are required courses.

VERB VERB

C 5. The teacher found the lost exam.

ADJ.

I 6. The small apartment very crowded and disorganized.

ADJ ADJ. ADJ,.

I 7. The photographs developed yesterday showed Sam and his friends.

C 8. The locked drawer contained the unworn jewels.

ADJ.

I 9. The tree was blown over in the storm was cut into logs.

VERB VERB

I 10. The students registered in this course are listed on that sheet of paper.

VERB


EXERCISE (Skills 3-4) page 163

C 1. Our hosts are serving drinks on the tiled patio.

I 2. The tired woman taking a much needed nap.

C 3. The letters were sent on Monday arrived on Wednesday.

C 4. The winners deserved the big prize.

I 5. The plants are growing in the garden need a lot of water.

I 6. The shining stars lit up the darkened sky.

I 7. The driver rapidly increased the speed of the racing car.

I 8. The excited children trying to build a snowman in the falling snow.

I 9. The students are completing the course will graduate in June.

C 10. The dissatisfied customer is returning the broken toaster to the store.

TOEFL EXERCISE (Skills 3-4) page 163

1. The first (D) flowering plants appeared during the last period of the dinosaurs’ reign.

2. The earlist medicines (C) were obtained from plants of various sorts.

3. Simple sails were made from canvas (B) stretched over a frame.

4. Pluto’s moon Charon (B) is moving in a slightly elliptical path around the planet.

5. Techniques of breath control form an essential of any (D) training program to improve the voice.

6. Robert E. Lee (A) surrendered the confederate Army to General Grant in 1865 at the Appomattox Courthouse.

7. The pituitary, (A) found below the brain, releases hormones to control other glands.

8. At ground two years of age, many children regularly produce sentences (B) containing three or four words.

9. Multinational companies (B) are finding it increasingly important to employ internationally acceptable brand names.

10. The cornea is located under the conjunctiva, on (C) the exposed part of the eye.

TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (Skills 1-4) page 164

1. (B) The Polynesians arrived first settled the Hawaiian Island between A.D. 3000 and 750.

2. In 1066, a bright comet (A) was appearing in the sky attracted much attention.

3. In some daguerreotype cameras, (C) from the view of the object through a hole in the back of the box.

4. In the Stone Age, stone tools (B) they polished with other rock materials.

5. The first steamship to cross the Atlantic (A) was the Savannah, in 1819.

6. The Earth’s plates meet each other at cracks in the Earth (C) called faults.

7. The first plant like organisms probably (B) living in the sea, perhaps three billion years ago.

8. In male pattern baldness, (D) heredity has strongly influences the degree of hair loss.

9. In Watch the Skies, Curtis Peebles (A) makes a fascinating attempt to explain America’s belief in fling saucers.

10. The irregular coastline of (B) Massachusetts is a succession of bays and inlets, with the hook of the Cape Cod peninsula in the southheast.

EXERCISE 5 page 166

C 1. The lawn needs water every day, or it will turn brown.

I 2. The book was not long, but it difficult to read.

I 3. It was raining, so decided not to go camping.

C 4. The material has been cut, and the pieces have been sewn together.

I 5. The patient took all the medicine, he did not feel much better.

C 6. The bill must be paid immediately, or the electricity will turned off.

C 7. The furnace broke so the house got quite cold.

C 8. The dress did not cost too much, but the quality it seemed excellent.

C 9. The leaves kept falling off thr trees, and the boys kept raking them up, but the yard was still covered.

C 10. The postman has already delivered the mail, so the letter is not going to arrive today, it probably will arrive tomorrow.

EXERCISE 6 page 168 :

C 1. After the plane circled the airport, it landed on the main runway.

I 2. The registration process took many hours since the lines so long.

C 3. This type of medicine can be helpful, it can also have some bad side effects.

C 4. The waves were amazingly high when were the storm hit the coastal town.

I 5. We need to get a new car whether is on sale or not.

C 6. Just as the bread came out of the oven, while a wonderful aroma filled the

kitchen.

C 7. Everyone has spent time unpacking boxes since the family moved into the

new house.

I 8. Although the area is a desert many plants bloom there in the springtime.

C 9. The drivers on the freeway drove slowly and carefully while the rain was

falling heavily because they did not want to have an accident.

I 10. If you plan carefully before you take a trip, will have a much better time

because the small details will not cause problems.

EXERCISE (Skills 5-6) page 169 :

C 1. The lawyer presented a strong case, but the client was still found guilty.

C 2. After the children read some stories before they went to bed.

I 3. The report needed to be completed, the workers stayed late every night for a

week.

C 4. If you do not turn on the lights, you will trip in the dark.

C 5. A thick fog came rolling in, so planes unable to land.

C 6. All of the shoes are on sale until the current stock is gone.

C 7. The ship leaving the dock even though some passenger were not on board.

C 8. The outline must be turned in to the teacher a week before the paper is due,

and must approve it.

I 9. Because the food was cold when it was served the dinners sent it back to

the kitchen.

C 10. You should slow down while you are driving, or the police will pull your car

over.

TOEFL EXERCISE (Skills 5-6) page 169

1. A spaceraft is freed from friction after it is launched into space.

2. Because lobsters blend with their surroundings, or they hide in crevices for protection.

3. While the shoulder is a ball-and-socket joint, the elbow is a simple hinge joint.

4. A car has several section with moving parts, good lubrication of those parts is essential.

5. Bears cannot see well bacause they have small eyes.

6. A land bridge existed at the Isthmus of Panama, so animals were able to migrate between North and South America.

7. The Empire State Building is mostly made of granite, it also contains some human-made materials.

8. Pressure differences make the eardrum vibrate as sound wavesenter the ear.

9. An optical microscope magnifies as much as 2,000 times, but an electron microscope can magnify as much as a million times.

10. If scientific estimates are accurate, the Canon Diablo meteorite collided with the Earth about 20,000 years ago.

TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (Skills 1-6) page 170 -171.

1. The economic activity of the Pueblo Indians centered on intensive agriculture.

2. In popular terminology, any long snowtorm with a large amount of wind is called a blizzard.

3. Nuclear power can be produced by fusion, it can also be produced by fission.

4. If the temperature is high, igneous rocks may be changed into gneisses.

5. In 1905, Henry Flagler announced his plants to extend his Florida East Coast Railway out across the sea to Key West.

6. The sound comes from a vibrating object will be high or low depending on the number of vibration.

7. During the late 1880s, urban streetcars were electrified through the use of large motors.

8. Biscayne National Park encompasses almost 274 square miles, but 96 percent of the park is under water.

9. Legislation was passed in 1916 and 1917 gave the Wilson administration authority to intervene in the national economy if it proved necessary.

10. Because a family of birds set up housekeeping in Joel Chandler Harri’s mailbox when the birds were in need of a place to stay, so the home was named the Wren’s Nest.

EXERCISE 7 page 172-173

C 1. It is unfortunate that the meal is not ready yet.

I 2. She told me when should pick her up.

I 3. The instructor explained where was the computer lab located.

C 4. We could not believe what he did to us.

I 5. Do you want to know if it going to rain tomorrow?

C 6. We never know wheter we will get paid or not.

I 7. This evening you can decide what do you want to do.

I 8. The manager explained how wanted the work done.

C 9. The map showed where the party would be held.

I 10. Can you tell me why was the mail not delivered today?

EXERCISE 8 page 174

C 1. The teacher heard who answered the question.

I 2. I do not understand what it went wrong.

I 3. Of the three movies. I can’t decide which is the best.

I 4. She did not remember who in her class.

I 5. No one is sure what did it happen in front of the building.

I 6. We found out which was her favorite type of candy.

C 7. Do you know what caused the plants to die?

C 8. I am not sure which it is the most important course in the program.

C 9. We thought about who would be the best vice president.

I 10. She saw what in the box in the closet.

EXERCISE (Skills 7-8) page 174-175

I 1. It doubtful wheter he will pass the test or not.

C 2. The group discussed who he should receive the prize.

C 3. It is not certain why the class was cancelled.

I 4. I will do what does it need to be done.

I 5. We forgot when did the movie start.

C 6. I would like to ask if you could come over for dinner this weekend.

C 7. The children knew which the best game to play.

C 8. The advisor informed her that needed to add another class.

C 9. He saw who took the money.

C 10. It is unclear how the window got broken.

EXERCISE (Skills 7-8) page 175

1. Today the true story of what happened at Little Bignorn remains mystery.

2. For more than a decade, bird-watchers have warned that certain species are becoming scarce.

3. Early in the eighteenth century, Halley accurately predicted when the comet of 1682 would return.

4. No single factor explains why aging has an effect vary so greatly among individuals.

5. Lack of clarity about who will lead the party in the coming year will be removed at the party’s convention.

6. We do not know whether the bow drill was first developed for woodworking or fire making.

7. Minute Man National Historical park is a monument to where the beginning of the Revolutionary War

8. Tests on the colors of cars were conducted at the University of California to determine which the safest colors for cars.

9. The National Institute of Dental Research estimates for school children in fluoridated areas have about 25 percent less tooth decay than children elsewhere.

10. The process of photosynthesis explains how with green plants are able to use the energy in sunlight to manufacture food from the simple chemicals in air and water.

TOEFL REVIEW EXCERCISE (Skills 1-8) page 176

1. Air near the equator (C) has a faster west-to-east motion than air farther from the equator.
2. About 4000 B.C humans discovered that (A) metals could be obtained from special rocks called ores.
3. (C) DNA degrades quickly after an animal dies.

4. (C) Improvement aerodynamic design has contributed a major part in reducing resistance to motion.
5. The southern part of Florida is much warmer in the winter than the northern part, so more (A) flocking tourists to the south.
6. The Moon’s gravity pulls water on the near side of the Earth toward the Moon, and this is what (C) causing tides to occur.
7. (D) As glaciers move, they pick up fragments of rock which become frozen into the base of the ice.
8. The tape measure first evolved from (D) the measuring chains used by the Egyptians.
9. A typical Atlantic hurricane starts as a low pressure system near (A) Africa coasts .
10. It is not clear whether the subdivisions of the neocortex (A) individual units.

EXCERCISE 9 page 178

C 1. I did not believe the story that he told me.

I 2. Ms. Brown, whom did you recommended for the job, will start work for tomorrow.

I 3. The lectur notes which lent me were not clearly written.

C 4. Sally has an appointment with the hairdresser whom you recommended.

C 5. The phone number that you gave me.

I 6. She is able to solve all the problems which did she cause.

C 7. The day that she spent on the beach left her sunburned.

C 8. Next week i am going to visit my cousins, whom have not seen in several years.

I 9. Did you forget the promise whom you made?

I 10. The teacher whom the students like the most is their history teacher.

EXCERCISE 10 page 180

C 1. The children that were vaccinated did not get sick.

I 2. I did not vote for the politician who he just won the election.

C 3. The dog that barking belongs to my neighbor.

C 4. I took two of the blue pills, which were very effective.

I 5. We rented an apartement from the lanlord who does he own the buildings on Maple Street.

I 6. She forgot to attend the meeting which it began at 11:00.

C 7. Any student who does not turn in the paper by Friday will fail the class.

I 8. The people which came in late had to sit at the back.

I 9. The courses that satisfy the graduation requirements they are difficult.

C 10. After dinner she went to visit her parents, who were living down the street.

EXCERCISE (Skills 9-10) page 181

C 1. My sister prefer to eat food that have cooked themselves.

C 2. The boat that hit the underwater rock sank.

I 3. The car which he was driving could not possibly be his

I 4. The children built a house in the tree that in the backyard.

I 5. The cost of the trip which we wanted to take.

C 6. The children are playing with the toys which their mother told them to put away.

C 7. The guests who were seated around the dinner table.

C 8. The students have to read all the chapters which are on the test.

I 9. I really do not like the artist which you like.

C 10. The stone that they were set in the ring were quite valuable.

TOEFL EXCERCISE (Skills 9-10) page 181

1. Modern human, who first appeared about 600,000 years ago, B. were called homo sapiens.

2. The first writing C. has evidence of his on Mesopotanian clay tablets.

3. A. Succulent are drought-resistant plants which store water in fleshy tissue.

4. Benjamin Kabelsky, whom B. most people know as Jack Benny, was a famous comedian in vaudeville and on radio and television .

5. B. Dinosaurs are known that haunted other animals tended to have very narrow, sharp, curved claws.

6. The first eyeglasses had convex lenses for the aged who A. had become farsighted.

7. Chimney Rock, D. which stands 500 feet above the North Platte River, has croded considerably in the last two centuries.

8. A. It changes hormones that accompany recurring bouts of severe depression reduce bone density.

9. Willa Cather is an author B. the praise of readers for her evocative and vision or frontier prairie life.

10. Mars’s tiny moon Phobos is a small mountain of rock that A. was probably captured from the asteroid belt by Mars’s gravitational pull.

TOEFL REVIEW EXCERCISE (Skills 1-10) page 182

1. A. Annapolis is famous as the home af the United States Naval Academy.

2. Some scientist think D. that Pluto might not be a planet but a moon of Neptune.

3. With B. the appearance of sophisticatd oil lamps, elaborate tools were made to cut the wicks.

4. Fort Union was the site of what A. the principal fur-trading post on the upper Missouri River.

5. Since A. the face of the movie commercial risk, it has to appeal to a large audience to justify its cost.

6. A current of water known as the Gulf Stream comes up from the Gulf of Mexico, and then A. it crosses the North Atlantic toward Europe.

7. Systems D. using the two symbols0 and 1 are called binary number systems

8. Genes, C. which the blueprints for cell construction, exist in tightly organized packages called choromosome

9. The Earth’s atmosphere consist of gases B. hold in place around the Earth by the gravitational pull of the planet.

10. Oscar Hammerstein II collaborated with a number composers including Jeromi Kern, whom B. was joined in writing the musical Show Boat.

Etika Bisnis

BAB I

1. ETIKA TERAPAN
Pengkajian dan pembahasan tentang etika tidak selalu -hubungannya dengan moral dan norma. Kadang etika diidentikan dengan moral, walaupun sebenamya terdapat perbedaan dalam aplikasinya. Moral lebih menunjuk pads perbuatan yang sedang dinilai, sedangkan Etika dipakai sebagai kajian terhadap sistem nilai yang berlaku. Etika jugs sering dinamakan filsafat moral yaitu cabang filsafat sistematis yang membahas dan mengkaji nilai baik buruknya tindakan manusia yang dilaksanakan dengan sadar serta menyoroti kewajiban-kewajiban yang seharusnya dilakukan oleh manusia. Perbuatan yang dilakukan sesuai dengan norma moral maka akan memperoleh pujian sebagai rewardnya, namun perbuatan yang melanggar norma moral, maka si pelaku akan memperoleh celaan sebagai punishmentnya.
Etika sebagai refleksi adalah pemikiran moral. Etika sebagai refleksi krisis rasional meneropongi dan merefleksi kehidupan manusia dengan mendasarkan diri pada norma dan nilai norma.
Secara umum dibagi menjadi :
a. Etika umum
Berbicara mengenai norma dan nilai moral, kondisi – kondisi dasar bagi manusia untuk bertindak secara etis.
b. Etika khusus
Penerapan prinsip – prinsip dalam bidang kehidupan yang khusus.

2. ETIKA KHUSUS
Etika lingkungan hidup, berbicara mengenai hubungan antara manusia.
Etika lingkungan dapat berupa :
- Cabang dari etika sosial
- Berdiri sendiri
Etika khusus dibagi menjadi :
a. Etika individual
Lebih menyangkut kewajiban dan sikap manusia terhadap dirinya sendiri.
b. Etika sosial
Berbicara mengenai kewajiban dan hak, sikap dan pola prerilaku manusia sebagai makhluk sosial
c. Etika individual dan sosial
Berkaitan erat satu sama lain





3. ETIKA PROFESI
a. Pengertian profesi
• Setiap profesi biasanya menggunakan sistem etika terutama untuk menyediakan struktur yang mampu menciptakan disiplin tata kerja dan menyediakan garis batas tata nilai yang bisa dijadikan acuan para profesional untuk menyelesaikan dilema etik yang dihadapi saat menjalankan fungsi pengemban profesinya sehari-hari.
Profesi –> pekerjaan yang dilakukan yang berupa kegiatan pokok yang mengandalkan suatu keahlian dan keterampilan tertentu, sebagai mata pencaharian untuk menghasilkan nafkah hidup.
• Professioal –> orang yang menyandang profesi
7 Ciri Seorang Professional
• Orang yang mendapat izin dari negara untuk melakukan suatu tindakan tertentu, karena menyangkut kepentingan masyarakat seluruhnya yang bersangkut paut dengan nilai-nilai kemanusiaan berupa keselamatan, keamanaan dan kelangsungan hidup umat manusia
• Memiliki pengetahuan atau kecakapan khusus, kecerdasan dalam menganalisis suatu masalah dan peka membaca situasi dimana tidak dimiliki oleh setiap anggota mansyarakat
• Memiliki kaidah dan standar moral yang sangat tinggi
• Otonomi dalam penyediaan jasanya dan sifatnya tetap dan terus menerus, menekuni pekerjaannya.
• Mempunyai sikap yang berorientasi kedepan dan bersifat terbuka sehingga mampu mengantisipasi dan siap menghadapi segala perubahan karena perkembangan zaman
• Menjadi anggota dari suatu organisasi profesi tertentu yang pelakunya sama-sama mempunyai hak suara yang menyebarluaskan standar atau cita-cita perilaku dan yang saling mendisiplinkan karena melanggar standar keahlian dan keterampilan tersebut.
• Keahlian yang dimiliki diabdikannya untuk melayani masyarakat terutama karena proses modernisasi.

Profesi dapat dirumuskan sebagai pekerjaan yang dilakukan sebagai nafkah hidup dengan mengandalkan keahlian.
Orang profesional adalah orang yang melakukan suatu pekerjaan purna waktu dan hidup dari pekerjaan itu.
Orang yang profesional adalah orang yang melakukan suatu pekerjaan karena ahli di bidang tersebut.

b. Ciri – ciri profesi
- Adanya keahlian dan keterampilan khusus
- Adanya komitmen moral yang tinggi
- Biasanya orang yang profesional adalah orang yang hidup dari profesinya
- Pengabdian kepada masyarakat
- Pada profesi luhur ada izin khusus
- Kaum profesional biasanya menjadi anggota dari suatu organisasi profesi

RELATIVITAS MORAL DALAM BISNIS
Tiga pandangan umum yang dianut :
1. Norma etis berbeda antara satu tempat dengan tempat lain
2. Norma sendirilah yang paling benar dan tepat
3. Tidak ada norma moral yang perlu diikuti sama sekali

STAKEHOLDERS
Pendekatan stakeholders adalah cara mengamati dan menjelaskan secara analitis bagaimana berbagai unsur akan saling berpengaruh keputusan dan tindakan bisnis.
Kelompok stakeholders :
1. Kelompok primer
2. Kelompok sekunder

















BAB II

BISNIS DAN ETIKA
Mitos bisnis amoral
Mengungkapkan suatu keyakinan bahwa antara bisnis dan etika tidak ada hubungan. Tetapi, mitos ini tidak sepenuhnya benar.
- Beberapa perusahaan berhasil karena memegang teguh kode etis
- Bisnis adalah bagian aktivitas yang penting dari masyarakat
- Harus dibedakan antara legalitas dan moralitas

Keutamaan etika bisnis
1. Dalam bisnis modern, para pelaku bisnis dituntut untuk menjadi profesional.
2. Dalam persaingan bisnis yang sangat ketat, maka konsumen benar – benar raja.
3. Dalam sistem pasar terbuka, peruahaan harus menjalankan bisnisnya dengan baik dan etis.
4. Perusahaan modern sangat menyadari




















BAB III

ETIKA UTILITARIANISME DALAM BISNIS
Etika utilitarianisme
Dikembangkan oleh jeremi bentham. Adalah tentang bagaimana menilai baik buruknya suatu kebijaksanaan sosial politik, ekonomi dan legal secara moral.

Kriteria dan prinsip etika utilitarianisme
1. Manfaat
2. Manfaat terbesar
3. Manfaat terbesar bagi sebanyak mungkin orang

Nilai positif etika utilitarianisme
1. Rasionalitas
2. Utilitarianisme sangat menghargai kebebasan setiap pelaku moral
3. Universalitas

Utilitarianisme sebagai proses dan sebagai standar penilaian
1. etika utilitarianisme digunakan sebagai proses untuk mengambil keputusan
2. etika utilitarianisme sebagai standar penilaian bagi tindakan yang telah dilakukan














BAB IV

1. SYARAT BAGI TANGGUNG JAWAB MORAL
- Tindakan itu dijalankan oleh pribadi yang rasional
- Bebas dari tekanan, ancaman, paksaan, dan lain – lain
- Orang yang melakukan memang MAU

2. STATUS PERUAHAAN
Terdapat dua pandangan :
- Legal-creator, perusahaan sepenuhnya ciptaan hukum
- Legal-recognition, suatu usaha bebas dan produktif

3. LINGKUP TANGGUNG JAWAB SOSIAL
- Keterlibatan perusahaan dalam kegiatan sosial
- Keuntungan ekonomis

4. ARGUMEN YANG MENENTANG PERLUNYA KETERLIBATAN SOSIAL PERUSAHAAN
- Tujuan utama bisnis adalah mengejar keuntungan sebesar – besarnya
- Tujuan yang terbagi – bagi dan harapan yang membingungkan
- Biaya keterlibatan sosial
- Kurangnya tenaga terampil di bidang kegiatan sosial

5. ARGUMEN YANG MENDUKUNG PERLUNYA KETERLIBATAN SOSIAL PERUSAHAAN
- Kebutuhan dan harapan masyarakat yang semakin berubah
- Terbatasnya sumber daya alam
- Lingkungan sosial yang lebih baik
- Perimbangan tanggung jawab dan kekuasaan
- Bisnis mempunyai sumber daya yang berguna
- Keuntungan jangka panjang


6. IMPLEMENTASI TANGGUNG JAWA SOSIAL PERUSAHAAN
- Prinsip utama dalam suatu organiasi profesional, adalah bahwa struktur mengikuti strategi
- Strategi yang diwujudkan melalui struktur organisasi demi mencapai tujuan dan misi perusahaan perlu dievaluasi secara periodik, dan salah satu bentuknya adalah Audit Sosial

Etika Bisnis

Etika bisnis adalah penerapan etika dalam menjalankan kegiatan suatu bisnis. Pada dasarnya tujuan bisnis adalah memperoleh keuntungan, tetapi harus berdasarkan norma-norma hukum yang berlaku. Norma hukum bisnis mengatur mana yang boleh dan mana yang tidak boleh dilakukan. Sebaiknya ikutilah dan taatilah peraturan-peraturan yang dikeluarkan oleh instansi yang berwenang termasuk peraturan dari perusahaan.
Pengertian etika adalah pengetahuan tentang perilaku dan kebiasaan masyarakat berkaitan dengan norma-norma yang membedakan hal yang benar atau salah mengacu kepada hukum agama, adat dan Negara.